1.Brief description of integrated stepper motor
An integrated stepper motor is a motor system that integrates stepper motor, driver, motion controller and encoder into a whole. This design greatly reduces the installation space and wiring requirements, improves the reliability and practicality of the system, and is particularly suitable for application scenarios with limited installation space and high integration requirements. The basic structure of an integrated stepper motor includes a stator and a rotor. The stator usually contains multiple electromagnetic coils, while the rotor consists of a series of magnetic poles. In addition, the integrated stepper motor also integrates the driver and controller, and sometimes also includes an encoder to form a closed-loop control system, ensuring higher accuracy and stability.

2.Working principle of integrated stepper motor
The working principle of integrated stepper motor is based on the control of electrical pulse signals. When current flows through the stator winding, the stator winding will generate a vector magnetic field, which will drive the rotor to rotate an angle so that the direction of a pair of magnetic fields of the rotor is consistent with the direction of the magnetic field of the stator. Each time an electrical pulse is input, the motor rotates a fixed angle, called the "step angle". By controlling the number of pulses, frequency and the power-on sequence of each phase winding of the motor, the rotation of the motor can be precisely controlled.

3.Driving mode of integrated stepper motor
‌1.Constant voltage drive: In this driving mode, the motor winding is powered by only one direction voltage during operation. When the input signal is high, the power supply voltage acts on the motor winding; when the signal is low, no current passes through the winding. The advantages of this driving mode are simple circuit structure, few components, low cost, and high reliability, but low efficiency, and it is only suitable for driving low-power stepper motors.
‌2.High and low voltage drive: In order to make the winding quickly reach the set current when powered on, and the winding current quickly decays to zero when turned off, and at the same time have high efficiency, a high and low voltage drive mode has emerged. High voltage is used to supply power at the front edge of conduction to increase the current rise rate, and low voltage is used to maintain the winding current in the subsequent period. This driving mode can obtain better high-frequency characteristics, but the control circuit is more complicated and the reliability is reduced. Once the high-voltage tube is out of control, the motor may be damaged.
‌3.Constant current chopper drive‌: This drive mode converts the current value of the stepper motor winding into a certain proportion of voltage, compares it with the preset value, and controls the current by chopping. The advantage of this drive mode is that it can accurately control the current and is suitable for occasions where precise torque control is required‌.

4.Characteristics and advantages of integrated stepper motors
‌1.Integrated design‌: The integrated stepper motor integrates the driver and the motor body, reduces external equipment and wiring, reduces the complexity and failure rate of the system, and improves the reliability of the system‌.
‌2.High-performance control‌: The closed-loop control technology is adopted to achieve precise control of the motor through real-time feedback of the motor's position and speed information, thereby improving the stability and accuracy of the system‌.
‌3.High-efficiency conversion‌: The design of the motor and the driver is optimized, the power conversion efficiency is improved, the energy consumption is reduced, and it meets the requirements of green environmental protection‌.
‌4.Intelligent operation‌: Supports a variety of control protocols and interface standards, and can achieve seamless connection with host computers or PLCs and other devices, facilitating users to conduct remote monitoring and debugging‌.
‌5.Small size‌: Integrated motors integrate multiple components together, reducing the overall volume, saving space, and are suitable for space-constrained applications‌.
‌6.High performance‌: The motor, control circuit, sensor and other components in the integrated motor can be tightly integrated and coordinated, thereby improving the overall performance of the system‌.
‌7.Simplified design and installation‌: The integrated design makes the design and installation of the system simpler, reduces wiring and connection work, and reduces the complexity of design and installation‌.
‌8.Improve reliability‌: Due to the reduction in the use of connectors, wiring and sensors, the risk of failure is reduced and the reliability of the system is improved‌.
‌9.Save energy‌: Integrated motors are generally more efficient, can more effectively convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, and reduce energy consumption‌.

Source:https://community.networkofcare.org/blogs/stepper_motor1/archive/2024/10/11/working-principle-and-driving-mode-of-integrated-stepper-motor.aspx

1.What is a hybrid stepper motor
A hybrid stepper motor is a motor that combines the advantages of a permanent magnet stepper motor and a reactive stepper motor. ‌ It achieves the complementary advantages of high torque and high precision through a specific structural design, thus providing a high-precision, combined stepper drive. Hybrid stepper motors are divided into two-phase, three-phase and five-phase, of which the two-phase step angle is generally 1.8 degrees, the three-phase step angle is generally 1.2 degrees, and the five-phase step angle is generally 0.72 degrees. The rotor of this motor itself is magnetic, so the torque generated under the same stator current is greater than that of a reactive stepper motor, and its step angle is usually smaller. This makes hybrid stepper motors widely used in occasions that require high-precision control, such as economical CNC machine tools.

2.Design ideas for hybrid stepper motors
‌1.Structural design‌: The structural design of the hybrid stepper motor combines the advantages of variable reluctance (VR) stepper motors and permanent magnet (PM) stepper motors. Specifically, it adopts the gear-shaped iron core rotor of the VR motor, which can achieve a smaller step angle, and combines the strong permanent magnet of the PM motor to enhance the torque output, achieving the coexistence of miniaturization and high torque. This structural layout optimizes the magnetic field distribution and torque characteristics of the motor, allowing the hybrid stepper motor to provide stronger power output without sacrificing step accuracy.
‌2.Number of phases and step angles‌: Hybrid stepper motors are divided into two-phase, three-phase and five-phase, of which the two-phase step angle is generally 1.8 degrees, the three-phase step angle is generally 1.2 degrees, and the five-phase step angle is 0.72 degrees. This design enables the hybrid stepper motor to have a higher step angle resolution and can achieve higher positioning accuracy.

3.Operating conditions of hybrid stepper motors
1.Power supply‌: The hybrid stepper motor needs to be connected to an appropriate power supply to provide the necessary power to drive the motor. The voltage and current of the power supply should meet the specifications of the motor to ensure the normal operation of the motor.
‌2.Control signal‌: The operation of the hybrid stepper motor also requires external control signals. These signals are usually generated by a microcontroller or a special stepper motor driver, which controls the number of steps and direction of the motor by changing the direction and size of the current in the coil.
3‌.Drive circuit‌: In order to convert the control signal into a drive signal that the motor can understand, a special drive circuit is required. These circuits can change the direction of the current in the coil in a timely manner according to the instructions of the control signal, thereby guiding the motor to rotate according to the preset mode.

4.Reasons for the high temperature of the hybrid stepper motor
1.Excessive current‌: When the stepper motor is working, if the current setting is too large, it will cause too much heat energy to be generated inside the motor, thereby increasing the temperature. Excessive current may be because the current set by the driver is larger than the rated current of the motor, or because the speed of the stepper motor is too fast, causing the motor to heat up. ‌ 
2‌.Improper drive method‌: The stepper motor needs to be controlled by the driver. If the driver is improperly set, such as excessive current, unreasonable subdivision settings, etc., it will cause the motor to heat up. Improper driving mode will cause the motor to generate additional heat during operation.
‌3.Long-term operation: If the stepper motor works continuously for too long without proper heat dissipation measures, the heat cannot be dissipated in time, which will cause the temperature to rise. Long-term operation at high voltage or high frequency will also increase the temperature.
‌4.Magnetic material loss: The magnetic material in the stepper motor will generate additional heat due to hysteresis loss and eddy current loss during operation. These losses are inevitable, but can be reduced by optimizing the design and material selection.
‌5.High ambient temperature and poor heat dissipation conditions: The temperature of the operating environment is relatively high, the heat dissipation conditions are relatively poor, or the installation contact area does not meet the standards, which will also cause the stepper motor temperature to rise.
‌6.The working state does not meet the technical requirements: If the three-phase six-beat motor is changed to double three-beat operation, the temperature rise will become higher. This shows that improper adjustment of the working state will increase the temperature rise of the motor.
7.Drive circuit failure: The stepper motor drive circuit fails, and the motor works at a single high voltage or a high frequency for a long time, which also causes the temperature to rise.

Source:https://www.stepperyoyo.com/2024/09/reasons-for-overheating-of-hybrid.html

1.A brief introduction to integrated stepper motors
An integrated stepper motor is an electromechanical device that integrates a stepper motor, a driver, a motion controller, and an encoder into a whole. ‌ This integrated design not only reduces space occupancy, but also greatly reduces wiring work, improving the reliability and practicality of the system. The integrated stepper motor has achieved a space reduction of more than 40% through an integrated design, while reducing wiring work by more than 50%. It has good electromagnetic compatibility characteristics and simplifies the system topology, thereby improving the overall performance and efficiency of the stepper system.

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2.Control mode of integrated stepper motors
1.Pulse control: This is the traditional way to control the position and speed of stepper motors. The rotation distance depends on the number of pulses, and the speed depends on the pulse frequency. The three common pulse control methods include pulse direction type, CW/CCW pulse type, and A/B orthogonal pulse type. Each method controls the rotation direction and speed of the motor through different signal inputs.
2.Analog control: The stepper driver supports speed control and position control based on analog signals, and the stepper servo also supports torque mode based on analog signal control.
3.Fieldbus control: The stepper drive supports a variety of industrial fieldbuses, including RS-485, Modbus, CAN, Ethernet, and EtherCAT, making it easy to integrate stepper motors into various industrial control systems.
4.Program resident mode: By executing stored programs to complete complex single-axis motion control, Q-type drives can store and run up to 744 Q program instructions in non-volatile memory. These instructions provide functions such as multitasking, mathematical operations, conditional processing, and data register operations, making the control of stepper motors more flexible and efficient.

3.Selection requirements for integrated stepper motors
1.Determine load and performance requirements: Analyze the nature of the load (linear or rotary), weight, and torque requirements. Consider the maximum and minimum operating speeds required in the application. Determine the required step angle. High-precision applications may require a smaller step angle or use microstepping drives.
2.Motor size and torque: Select the appropriate motor size and mounting interface to ensure compatibility with the mechanical system. Evaluate the maximum static and dynamic torque required, and consider additional requirements during starting, stopping, and acceleration.
3.Electrical requirements: Select the appropriate motor voltage and current according to the control system and power supply capabilities.
Consider the configuration of the motor windings, such as bipolar or unipolar.
4.Compatibility and integration: Make sure the motor is compatible with the controller, including the interface type and control signal.
Consider whether additional components are required, such as reducers, encoders, etc.
5.Debugging methods: The debugging of stepper motors includes determining the required motor torque, determining the operating voltage and current from the motor model and application, and selecting the corresponding driver model according to the motor's operating current and voltage. Consider that the stepper driver cannot have overvoltage problems during sudden braking.

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4.Design ideas for integrated stepper motors
1.Select the appropriate stepper motor type: Select the appropriate stepper motor type according to application requirements, such as reactive stepper motors, permanent magnet stepper motors, etc. Each type has its specific advantages and applicable scenarios, so choosing the right type is the first step to a successful design.
2.Design control system: The control system of the stepper motor is its core part, and a control logic that can accurately control the operation of the motor needs to be designed. This includes setting parameters such as acceleration, deceleration, starting speed, speed, phase current control (PWM) and step mode. The control system should also support a variety of motion commands, such as accelerating, moving N steps in the command direction, moving to the absolute position along the most direct path, etc., to ensure that the motor can move according to the preset trajectory and speed.
3.Achieve precise position and speed control: In order to achieve precise position and speed control, subdivision technology, current control technology, vector control technology, etc. can be used. Subdivision technology subdivides a complete step angle into multiple smaller steps by improving the drive circuit, thereby improving the smoothness and positioning accuracy of the motor operation. Current control technology accurately controls the current size of the motor winding through an intelligent driver, improves the dynamic performance of the motor and reduces heat and noise. Vector control technology is similar to the control strategy of AC servo motors. By calculating and adjusting the current vector of each phase, the torque output and efficiency of the motor are optimized.
4.Integrated high-speed communication interface: Modern stepper motor controllers use high-speed communication protocols (such as CANopen, EtherCAT, etc.) to achieve efficient data exchange and real-time control with the host computer. This helps to improve the overall performance and response speed of the system.
5.Apply intelligent algorithms: Use advanced control algorithms such as PID control, fuzzy logic control, and adaptive control to improve the dynamic response of the stepper motor and reduce vibration and step loss. The application of these algorithms can improve the intelligence level of the system, enabling it to better adapt to different working environments and task requirements. In summary, the design ideas of integrated stepper motors involve selecting the right motor type, designing an effective control system, achieving precise position and speed control, integrating high-speed communication interfaces, and applying intelligent algorithms. These steps together ensure the performance and reliability of the stepper motor system and meet the needs of various applications.

‌1.Definition of stepper motor brake
A stepper motor brake is a device used to control the stop or deceleration of a stepper motor. It uses electromagnetic force or mechanical force to brake the stepper motor, ensuring that the motor can stop or decelerate quickly and accurately when needed. The main function of the stepper motor brake is to suspend operation under specific circumstances, provide high-precision motion position control, and ensure stable operation of the project. This brake has the characteristics of simple control and wide application. It is suitable for automation equipment, mechanical processing, printing equipment and other fields, and has become an indispensable part of many industries. ‌

2.Working principle of stepper motor brake
Stepper motor brakes usually include two types: spring type and permanent magnet type. ‌Spring brakes are mainly composed of a stator and a rotor. The stator is equipped with a wound coil, and the rotor is made of a specific friction-resistant material. ‌The friction torque between the rotor and the stator is pressurized by a circumferentially distributed spring, so that the armature and the plate clamp the rotor to generate a friction torque. When the coil of the brake is energized, the coil generates a magnetic field, and the armature is attracted to the yoke by the magnetic force and disengaged from the brake disc. At this time, the brake disc is rotated normally by the motor shaft; when the coil is de-energized, the magnetic field disappears, and the armature is pushed to the brake disc by the force of the spring, generating friction torque and braking. Permanent magnet brakes have a faster response speed and can be locked within 50ms. They have the advantages of low noise and less heat. They can be powered on or off, but power-off brakes are more commonly used. This type of brake uses the magnetic field of the permanent magnet to achieve rapid braking, which is suitable for application scenarios that require rapid stopping or maintaining a specific position.

3.Design features of stepper motor brakes
1.Modular design: Stepper brakes adopt modular design, which makes the application range wide and can meet various application requirements through the combination of different modules. This design is highly flexible and can adapt to different working environments and requirements. ‌
2.High voltage resistance and good insulation: The REB04 series stepper brake has excellent high voltage resistance and insulation performance, and the insulation level reaches Class F (155°C). This feature enables the stepper brake to operate stably for a long time in harsh or special working environments. ‌
3.Low noise: The stepper brake has low working noise, which is particularly important for occasions that require silent operation. It can reduce interference with the surrounding environment and improve the operation quality of the overall system. ‌
4.Wide range of applications: Due to its design characteristics and excellent performance, the stepper brake is widely used in various working environments, including special environments that require higher insulation levels, showing its wide application potential in different fields. ‌

4.Application fields of stepper motor brakes
1.CNC machine tools: In the field of industrial automation, stepper motors, as an important driving device, are widely used in CNC machine tools to achieve high-precision positioning and motion control. The fast response ability and accurate execution of stepper motors play a key role in the production line and improve production efficiency. ‌
2.Printing machine: Stepper motors are also widely used in printing equipment, providing stable rotation speed and rotation angle, achieving efficient energy conversion, and facilitating the operation of printing equipment. ‌
3.Robotics: In robotics, stepper motors are an indispensable key component. Various joints and actuators of robots need to use stepper motors to achieve accurate motion control and positioning. The high precision and programmability of stepper motors enable robots to complete various complex tasks. ‌
4.Aerospace: Stepper motor brakes have the advantages of fast speed and high precision. They are widely used in the aerospace field to improve the safety and stability of aircraft. ‌

With the advancement of technology, the development of stepper motor brakes will pay more attention to improving braking efficiency and reliability. ‌This includes improving the design and materials of brakes to reduce braking time and improve braking efficiency. ‌In addition, in order to meet the needs of different applications, stepper motor brakes will also develop in the direction of smaller and lighter weight to adapt to the space and weight limitations of various equipment and systems. ‌

In terms of noise and heat generation, the improvement of stepper motor brakes will be committed to reducing noise and heat generation. For example, the use of permanent magnet brakes can provide faster braking response, lower noise and less heat, which helps improve the overall performance and service life of the stepper motor.

Source:https://blog.udn.com/stepperrelation/180913044

1.Definition
A two-phase stepper motor is a motor that converts electrical pulse signals into mechanical motion. It consists of two windings, each of which is connected to a phase driver. When current passes through the windings, the motor generates a magnetic field, which interacts with the stator magnetic field to cause mechanical motion. By changing the direction and size of the current in the windings, the rotation angle and speed of the motor can be controlled. Two-phase stepper motors have high positioning accuracy, which can usually achieve an accuracy of several angles. They are the most commonly used type of stepper motors on the market and are also the most cost-effective.

2.Maintenance methods of two-phase stepper motors
1.Appearance inspection: Regularly check the appearance of the 2-phase stepper motor to ensure that there is no dust accumulation, clean the motor surface in time, and keep the motor clean and beautiful.
2.Environmental adaptability: Ensure that the 2-phase stepper motor works in a dry, well-ventilated environment without corrosive gas and dust pollution, and avoid installing it in an environment that is too humid, corrosive gas, severe dust, and too high or too low temperature. ‌
3.Installation and adjustment: Check the appearance of the motor before installation to ensure that all parts are intact. No obvious deviation is allowed in the axial direction during installation. Check the accuracy of the base after installation and adjust if necessary. ‌
4.Cleaning and lubrication: Clean the dirt inside and outside the motor regularly, keep the motor lubricated during operation, and regularly add oil to maintain the operating speed and stability. ‌
5.Parts replacement: Check the motor parts regularly for damage or wear, replace components such as synchronous belts, gears and controllers in time, and ensure that original accessories are used. ‌
6.Temperature monitoring: Monitor the motor temperature during operation to ensure that the temperature is within the appropriate range to avoid overheating damage. ‌
7.Troubleshooting: If you encounter problems such as motor overheating, abnormal speed or self-rotation, check and deal with them in time, and perform internal inspection and repair if necessary.

3.Application areas of 2-phase stepper motors
1.Electronic equipment
Two-phase stepper motors are mainly used in various electronic devices, such as digital cameras, printers, scanners, etc. In these devices, stepper motors can achieve precise positioning and control, making the operation of the equipment more precise.

2.Printing and packaging
In the field of printing and packaging, two-phase stepper motors are widely used in various equipment, such as printing machines, labeling machines, sealing machines, etc. These equipment require precise rotation and positioning, and stepper motors can meet this demand and play a very important role.
3.Medical equipment
In medical equipment, two-phase stepper motors are also widely used. For example, blood analyzers, drug dispensing machines, syringes, etc., these equipment require precise control and rotation, and stepper motors can achieve this function, making these equipment more efficient and accurate.
4.Textile machinery
In textile machinery, two-phase stepper motors are also widely used, such as shoelace machines, winding machines, braiding machines, etc. These machines require precise control and rotation, and stepper motors can meet this demand, improving the production efficiency and quality of the machinery

4.Summary
The technical development of 2-phase stepper motors is mainly focused on improving their performance, efficiency and reliability. ‌Hybrid stepper motors, as a type of 2-phase stepper motors, combine the advantages of permanent magnet and reactive stepper motors to provide higher torque and smaller step angles, thereby improving motor performance. ‌In addition, with the advancement of material science and manufacturing technology, the manufacturing accuracy and durability of 2-phase stepper motors have also been significantly improved.

Source:https://blog.udn.com/stepperrelation/180870223

1.Introduction
The principle of hollow shaft stepper motors Hollow shaft stepper motors are devices that convert electrical signals into mechanical motion. It consists of a rotor and a stator, and the electromagnetic field in the stator acts on the rotor to make it rotate. Hollow shaft stepper motors use stepper drivers to control the step and speed of the motor by inputting specific pulse signals.

2.Features
Features of hollow shaft stepper motors Hollow shaft stepper motors have the following characteristics:

1.Hollow shaft design: Compared with traditional motors, the center of the rotor of hollow shaft stepper motors is empty and can pass through the axis, which is suitable for applications where other equipment or transmission parts need to pass through the rotor shaft.

2.High-precision positioning: Since each step and angle of rotation are controllable, hollow shaft stepper motors can achieve high-precision positioning motion to meet the needs of high-demand industrial applications.

3.High efficiency: Due to the use of digital control technology, hollow shaft stepper motors can provide high-efficiency operation with high precision and save energy.
4.Programmability: Hollow shaft stepper motors can be programmed to control their operating modes and parameters, and can be adjusted according to different application requirements, with good flexibility and scalability.

3.Methods to improve stability
1.Use micro-stepping drivers: Micro-stepping drivers can improve the resolution of stepper motors, enabling them to make smaller micro-stepping movements between each step, thereby achieving smoother and more precise movements. This helps reduce the vibration and noise of the motor and improve the smoothness of operation. ‌

2.Introduce closed-loop control systems: By introducing closed-loop control systems, such as stepper motor servo systems, the movement of the motor can be adjusted in real time through feedback mechanisms, improving positioning accuracy and dynamic performance. ‌ This control method can suppress resonance to a certain extent and improve the stability and accuracy of the motor's operation. ‌

3.Accurately control current: Using advanced current control technology, such as constant current control, can reduce the vibration and noise of the motor and further improve the smoothness of the motor's operation. ‌

4.Reduce load inertia: By optimizing the mechanical system design and reducing the load, it helps to improve the acceleration and deceleration performance of the motor and reduce unstable factors in operation. ‌

5.Implement proper thermal management: Ensure that the motor operates within the temperature range of efficient operation, reduce heat loss, and maintain stable motor performance. ‌

6.Use high-precision magnets and windings: Using high-precision magnets and winding materials can improve the efficiency and performance of the motor and reduce unstable factors in operation. ‌

7. Optimize control algorithms: Using more advanced control algorithms, such as adaptive control, optimal control, etc., can better adapt to different working conditions and improve the performance and stability of stepper motors. ‌

8. Customized design: Customized design for specific application scenarios allows stepper motors to better meet specific needs, thereby improving the stability of operation

Three-phase stepper motor is a common type of motor, widely used in various automation equipment and precision control systems. It has the advantages of simple structure, convenient control and reliable operation. There are mainly the following working modes of three-phase stepper motor:

1.Full-step working mode
The full-step working mode is the most basic working mode of three-phase stepper motor. In this mode, the three phases of the motor are controlled independently, and the current size and direction of each phase can be adjusted independently. When the current of one phase reaches the maximum value, the current of the other two phases is zero. The advantage of this mode is simple control, but the motor has low operating efficiency and is prone to large vibration and noise.

2.Half-step working mode
The half-step working mode is developed on the basis of the full-step working mode. In this mode, the current of the three phases of the motor is not completely independently controlled, but adjusted through a certain proportional relationship. When the current of one phase reaches the maximum value, the current of the other two phases is not zero, but has a certain value. The advantage of this mode is that the motor has high operating efficiency, low vibration and noise, but the control is relatively complex.

3.Micro-step working mode
The micro-step working mode is further developed on the basis of the half-step working mode. In this mode, the current of the three phases of the motor can be adjusted more finely, thereby achieving a smaller step distance. The advantage of the micro-step working mode is that it can achieve higher-precision control, but the control is more complex and has higher requirements for the motor drive circuit.

4.Dual three-phase working mode
The dual three-phase working mode is a special working mode that divides the three phases of the motor into two groups, each with three phases. In this mode, the current of each group of three phases can be controlled independently, thereby achieving a more flexible control mode. The advantage of the dual three-phase working mode is that it can improve the operating efficiency of the motor and reduce vibration and noise, but the control is more complex.

5.Differential working mode
The differential working mode is a special working mode that realizes the rotation of the motor by controlling the current difference between the two phases of the motor. In this mode, the currents of the two phases of the motor are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. The advantage of the differential working mode is that it can achieve higher-precision control, but has higher requirements for the motor drive circuit.

6.Hybrid working mode
Hybrid working mode is a way of combining the above working modes. In this way, different working modes can be selected according to actual needs to achieve more flexible and efficient control. The advantage of hybrid working mode is that it can make full use of the advantages of various working modes, but the control is more complicated.

7.Adaptive working mode
Adaptive working mode is an intelligent control mode that can automatically select the most suitable working mode according to the operating state of the motor. In this way, the control system of the motor can automatically adjust the working mode according to the changes in parameters such as load, speed, and temperature to achieve the best control effect. The advantage of adaptive working mode is that it can achieve more efficient and more precise control, but the requirements for the control system are higher.

8.Vector control working mode
Vector control working mode is an advanced control mode that decomposes the current of the motor into two orthogonal components to control the magnetic flux and torque of the motor respectively, thereby achieving more precise control. In this way, the control system of the motor can automatically adjust the two components of the current according to the operating state and load requirements of the motor to achieve the best control effect. The advantage of vector control working mode is that it can achieve more efficient and more precise control, but the requirements for the control system are higher.

In short, there are many working modes for three-phase stepper motors, and different working modes have different characteristics and application scenarios. When choosing a working mode, it is necessary to make comprehensive considerations based on actual needs and motor performance to achieve the best control effect. At the same time, with the continuous development of control technology, the working modes of three-phase stepper motors will be more diversified and intelligent in the future, providing more efficient and precise control solutions for various application scenarios.

Source:https://steppermotor2.hatenablog.com/entry/2024/07/17/172428

1. Reasons for slow speed of DC motor

1. Fault of the motor itself
Faults in the DC motor itself can also cause slow speed. For example, there may be open circuit, short circuit and other faults in the motor coil winding, motor bearing wear or uneven magnetic field, which will affect the motor speed and output torque.

2. Unstable power supply voltage
Unstable power supply voltage is also a factor that causes slow speed of DC motor. Because the speed and output torque of DC motor are determined by power supply voltage and load, if the power supply voltage is unstable, it will have an adverse effect on the output performance of the motor.
3. Overload of motor
Overload of motor can also cause slow speed of motor. Because the overload will cause the motor to be subjected to a large load, it will generate too much electromagnetic torque, causing the speed of the motor to decrease.
4. Abnormal motor operating environment
If there is an abnormality in the motor operating environment, it will also affect the normal operation of the motor. For example, environmental conditions such as high temperature, high humidity or a lot of dust will cause friction inside the motor, causing the motor speed to decrease.

2. Solution to slow speed of DC motor
1. Fault handling of the motor itself
Handling the fault of the motor itself requires professional inspection and repair. For example, for the open circuit and short circuit of the motor coil winding, the coil needs to be rewound or replaced; for problems such as motor bearing wear and uneven magnetic field, the bearings and poles need to be repaired or replaced.

2. Stabilize the power supply voltage
The stable power supply voltage can be ensured by installing a voltage stabilizer or using a stable power supply to ensure the normal operation of the motor. When using the motor, try to avoid power tripping, and use an overcurrent protection device to protect the motor.
3. Reduce the motor load
The motor load can be reduced by increasing the transmission ratio, reducing the workload, or increasing the motor speed. Among them, increasing the transmission ratio or increasing the motor speed can increase the output power, reduce the motor load, and thus increase the motor speed and output torque.
4. Adjust the motor operating environment
Adjusting the motor operating environment can be achieved by lowering the ambient temperature, controlling the ambient humidity, and cleaning the surrounding environment of the motor. Keeping the motor dry and clean can effectively reduce internal faults and friction in the motor, thereby increasing the motor speed and output torque.

In summary, the problem of slow speed and lack of power of the DC motor may be caused by multiple factors. If you encounter this problem, you can detect and handle it according to the above method to improve the working efficiency and performance of the motor.

1.Direct connection
Directly connecting a hybrid stepper motor to a shaft is the simplest and most common method. This method is suitable for situations where low-speed and high-torque output is required. The connection method is as follows:

1.Fasten the shaft to the motor bearing.
2.Fit a key with the shaft keyway and fasten it to the motor shaft.
3.Pass the clamping sleeve around the shaft and key in turn, and then tighten the screws to achieve the connection between the motor and the shaft.

2.Connect through a coupling
The use of a coupling can expand the connection error range and reduce mechanical vibration and noise. The coupling has a certain elasticity and torsional capacity, so it can effectively alleviate the torque mismatch problem between the motor and the shaft. The connection method is as follows:

1.Select the appropriate coupling type.
Common coupling types include shaft couplings, elastic couplings, universal joint couplings, etc. It is necessary to select a suitable coupling based on factors such as the model of the motor and shaft, the workload and the speed.
2.Install the coupling on the shaft and motor bearings.
Install the coupling on the shaft and motor bearings, and install the coupling according to the instructions.
3.Perform vertical alignment check.
Install the motor on the base and perform vertical alignment check on the shaft to ensure that the connected shaft and motor are on the same axis.
How to select a coupling:

The following factors need to be considered when selecting a coupling:
1.Workload.
Factors such as input and output torque, speed and rotation angle need to be considered.
2.Operating environment.
Temperature, humidity and other conditions of the operating environment need to be considered.
3.Rotation accuracy.
The rotation angle and error range that the coupling can withstand need to be considered.
4.Maintenance cost.
The maintenance and replacement cost of the coupling needs to be considered.

3.Summary:
There are two main ways to connect the hybrid stepper motor to the shaft: direct connection and connection through a coupling. When selecting a coupling, factors such as workload, operating environment, rotation accuracy and maintenance cost need to be considered to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the connection.

1. Working principle
Both the water-cooled spindle motor and the air-cooled spindle motor are used for spindle heat dissipation in CNC machine tools, laser equipment, CNC engraving machines and other equipment. Their working principles are different.

The heat dissipation principle of the water-cooled spindle motor is to take out the coolant heated by the spindle by flowing in the water circulation pipeline, and then flow back after rapid cooling, and circulate continuously. In this process, the heat generated by the spindle is absorbed by the flow of water, and the heat is taken away to play a heat dissipation role.
The heat dissipation principle of the air-cooled motor is to make the spindle ventilated, blow air into the spindle surface through the external fan, form forced convection on the spindle surface, promote the heat on the spindle surface to transfer outward, and the air flow takes away the heat to achieve the heat dissipation effect.
 

2. Features and advantages and disadvantages
1. Heat dissipation effect
The water-cooled spindle motor is better than the air-cooled motor in terms of heat dissipation effect, because the thermal conductivity of water is much higher than that of air, and the heat transfer speed is faster when water flows, which can take away the heat faster. Therefore, the water-cooled spindle motor can better protect the spindle and extend the service life of the spindle.
2. Noise
The air-cooled motor is better than the spindle water-cooled motor in terms of noise, because the spindle water-cooled motor needs to be connected to cooling water pipes, water pumps, radiators and other equipment. The additional pipes and equipment will generate additional noise. The air-cooled motor only needs to be connected to an external fan, and the noise is relatively small.

3. Service life
The service life of the spindle water-cooled motor is relatively long, because the water-cooled motor can better protect the spindle, so that the spindle is better protected, the spindle wear is reduced, and the spindle service life is extended. However, the air-cooled motor is prone to overheating the spindle and causing damage when the heat dissipation is insufficient, so the service life is slightly shorter than that of the spindle water-cooled motor.
 

3. Conclusion
From the above comparison, it can be concluded that the spindle water-cooled motor and the air-cooled motor have their own advantages and disadvantages. The specific use should be determined according to the environment, requirements and personal needs of the machine used. If the noise factor of the machine is high, you can choose an air-cooled motor, but if the service life and heat dissipation effect of the spindle are the focus of consideration, then you should choose a spindle water-cooled motor. In short, making the most appropriate choice for different situations and needs can achieve better results.