The best powerful analgesic used on the earth. Usually used in the form of preparations or remedies, injection: 5mg (0. 5mL) or perhaps 10mg (1. 0mL) each. Tablets: 5mg or 10mg a tablet.
(1) Analgesia: potent analgesic effect, effective for all those pains, and stronger to get persistent dull pain compared to intermittent sharp pain in addition to visceral colic. It simulates the influence of endogenous anti-pain substance enkephalin and activates fundamental nervous opioid receptors to produce pharmacological effects. (2) Sedation: It has obvious sedative effect while doing so as analgesia, and often produces euphoria, which can enhance the tension of patients using pain. (3) Respiratory depression: It can inhibit your respiratory center and reduce the sensitivity belonging to the respiratory center to carbon dioxide. The degree of respiratory depression is parallel to the dose of morphine. Excessive doses could cause respiratory failure and death. (4) Antitussive: It can certainly inhibit the cough middle and produce an antitussive outcome, but it is not used clinically owing to its addictive properties. (5) Smooth muscle: It can excite the smooth muscle belonging to the digestive tract and remedy constipation; and increase the smooth muscle tension in the bile duct, ureter and also bronchus. (6) Cardiovascular method: It can promote the discharge of endogenous histamine to dilate peripheral bloodstream and decrease blood difficulty; dilate cerebral blood vessels along with increase intracranial pressure. Additionally it is not used clinically as it can cause addiction. This product is straightforward to absorb orally, in fact it is quickly absorbed by subcutaneous treatment and intramuscular injection. Immediately after being absorbed, it is usually distributed in various tissues and will pass through the placenta. The particular apparent volume of distribution is 3. 2~3. 4L/kg, T1/2 is definitely 1. 7~3 hours, and about 1/3 is guaranteed to plasma protein. It is mainly metabolized in the liver and excreted via the actual kidneys, with a clearance fee of 15-23mL/(kg·min); a touch is excreted via this breast. The analgesic influence of one administration is maintained for 4-6 hours. In the "Three-stage Pain Relief Method for Cancer" recommended by this WHO, the use involving morphine for patients with severe pain is encouraged, but pethidine is not necessarily recommended.
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